Every active,
on the record.

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase-inhibiting. The 'safe for melanin-rich skin' multi-tasker.

Inhibits plasmin activity, downregulating melanocyte stimulation triggered by UV and inflammation. Effective on stubborn pigmentation.

Converts to retinoic acid in skin; binds nuclear receptors to upregulate cell turnover, collagen production, and melanin regulation.

Inhibits melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes; supports ceramide synthesis; regulates sebum production.

Smallest AHA molecule; penetrates rapidly; breaks bonds between dead skin cells in the stratum corneum.

Oil-soluble; penetrates sebum to dissolve intra-follicular keratin plugs; anti-inflammatory.

Rich in linoleic acid, vitamins A, D, E, and F. Penetrates without occluding.

60% oleic acid + 18% linoleic acid + tocopherols. Fast-absorbing despite richness.

Asiaticoside and madecassoside compounds stimulate collagen synthesis and reduce inflammation. Centerpiece of Korean barrier-rescue formulas.

Contains glycoproteins, hyaluronic acid, glycolic acid, and antimicrobial peptides. Promotes fibroblast activity and wound repair.

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory; supports wound repair via flavonoid compounds.

Ginsenosides stimulate circulation and collagen production; antioxidant activity.

Contains saponins and flavonoids with firming and astringent properties. Traditionally used across East and Southern Africa.